Chinese Journal of Nature

A curiosity-cultivated new material：aerogel

PAN Jingjing, WANG Jingyang

2019, 41(4): 235-241. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.001

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作为一种诞生于20世纪初的材料，气凝胶本不属于最近发现的“新材料”，然而近年来在多个领域的频繁亮相，令公众对这种材料产生了浓厚的兴趣，大呼新奇。与此同时，由于报道角度的不同，这种材料无疑成为了“多面体”，给人以扑朔迷离之感。本文旨在以科普的笔调重塑气凝胶的形象，结合气凝胶的历史浅谈对这种材料的认识，以期澄清疑惑，加深理解。

Correlation between thermodynamics and kinetics: unification of science and humanity#br#

2019, 41(4): 242-254. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.002

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The final microstructure and property of metallic materials are determined by hot-working, in terms of phase transformations. With rapid development of the non-equilibrium technology, the processing of hot-working becomes extreme and versatile, so that the thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformation is changed from the inter-independence corresponding to brief near-equilibrium process to the highly correlation corresponding to complicated extremely non-equilibrium process. Accordingly, the classical theory, basing on the independent treatment of thermodynamics and kinetics, is unsuitable to describe the mechanism,
predict the microstructure and control the process. In addition, as the research system expansion of catalysts, the traditional design strategy based on independent reaction kinetics or adsorption thermodynamics is incapable of meeting the high-performance demands of catalysts and their efficient screening. As a result, extended from the logical relationship between passion and difficulty in the humanities, the correlation between the thermodynamic driving force and kinetic energy barrier is raised in this review. Focusing on non-equilibrium solidification, thermal stability of grain boundary migration and grain growth, martensitic transition in Fe via Bain path, the correlation between thermodynamics and kinetics is quantitatively summarized, and the microstructure prediction model is set up. The new concept of thermo-kinetic synergy is raised, based which the design and preparation of DD3 alloy, nanostructured Febased alloy, A356 aluminum alloy and strained electrocatalysts are reviewed.

Anti-tumor immunotherapy mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine extract and single molecules of natural compounds#br#

WANG Jin, LI Dan, LI Bin

2019, 41(4): 255-260. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.003

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Anti-tumor immunotherapy has shown good application prospects in the clinical treatment of several given malignant tumors such as lung cancer, but most type of solid tumors still need to be transformed from original discovery in basic research to clinical diagnosis and treatment. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018 was awarded jointly to James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo “for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation”. Traditional Chinese Medicine is the treasure of Chinese Ethnic Peoples. There are many similarities between the cognition of tumor treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and the concept of modern immunotherapy. In this paper, we summarized the research progress of traditional Chinese
medicine extract and single molecules of natural compound in regulating immune system. Besides, we discussed the mechanism of
traditional Chinese medicine in antitumor immunity from the aspects of both innate immunity and adaptive immunity.

The research progress of inhibition of tumor-associated regulatory T cells by traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients#br#

YANG Yang, CHEN Xin

2019, 41(4): 261-265. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.004

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Although only comprising ~10 % of peripheral CD4 T cells, CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are an indispensable
components of immune system, they played a crucial role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and in the prevention of
autoimmune responses. In the tumor patients, Treg cells accumulate in a large number in the tumor microenvironment, and potently inhibit the protective immune surveillance against tumor and anti-tumor immune responses. Thus, Treg cells help tumor immune evasion and promote the development and metastasis of tumors. Recently studies have shown that Chinese medicine can inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor by decreasing the number or proportion of Tregcells, or by inhibiting Treg activity or their capacity to produce immunosuppressive cytokines or their Foxp3 expression. In this article, the relevant published studies are reviewed and analyzed, and the research progress regarding the effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine on tumor-associated Treg cells are introduced and discussed.

The anti-tumor and immunomodulatory roles of Tibetan medicine

SHAN Lizi①②, HE Lin①

2019, 41(4): 266-274. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.005

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Tibetan medicine is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine system. It has been used for over 2 000 years whichincludes a wide variety of crud drugs. Many studies have revealed their significant and unique anti-cancer activities. The present paper summarizes the pharmacological effects of several representative Tibetan medicines, including single and compound ones in tumor
treatment and immune regulation, and aims to provide references for further research and development of Tibetan medicines.

Traditional Chinese medicine and tumor immunotherapy

REN Mingming, WANG Junyi, CHENG Haibo

2019, 41(4): 275-280. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.006

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The theory of traditional Chinese medicine considers that the imbalance of Yin-Yang and the weakened body resistance and
excessive pathogenic qi are the reasons to the occurrence and development of cancer, and thus adjusting Yin-Yang and strengthening the body resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors are the key points of cancer treatment. It emphasizes that the balanced state of body with balance of Yin-Yang and sufficient body resistance can be achieved by adjusting Yin-Yang and strengthening the body resistance, so as to control tumor growth, improve patients’ clinical symptoms and improve patients’ quality of life, which is consistent with the basic treatment idea of modern medical oncology immunotherapy. Modern medical oncology immunotherapy can rebuild normal immune function and enhance anti-tumor ability by breaking immune tolerance and reversing immune escape. Therefore, they have the different approaches but equally satisfactory in tumor treatment. The thought of adjusting Yin-Yang and strengthening the body resistance to suppress cancer in traditional Chinese medicine have important guiding significance for the immunotherapy of tumors. The therapeutic mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine strengthening the body resistance to suppress cancer may be mainly related to tumor immunity.

Clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine with strengthening healthy energy on lung cancer and its immunomodulatory effect on the body#br#

LIU Lingshuang, ZHANG Peng, JIANG Yi, SHEN Liping, LIU Jiaxiang

2019, 41(4): 281-286. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.007

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Lung cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality in China, which seriously endangers human life and health. In recent years, immunotherapy for lung cancer has been a research hotspot. Under the guidance of the academic thought and method of “strengthening healthy energy to cure cancer”, founded by Professor Liu Jiaxiang, a national master of traditional Chinese medicine,
remarkable curative effects have been achieved in the treatment of lung cancer. Its mechanism of action is closely related to an
immune regulation.

Effect of annealing and mechanical-annealing on the structure and mechanical properties of metallic glass#br#

TAN Jun, DONG Quan, DENG Pan, ZHANG Fan, FENG Zhongxue

2019, 41(4): 287-293. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.008

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Metallic glasses are a kind of novel metastable metallic materials with a series of excellent physical, chemical and mechanical properties. However, long-term use under high temperature or even at room temperature, metallic glasses are easy to transform into crystalline materials with a more stable and lower energy state, which is one of the bottlenecks limiting its wide applications. It is of great significance to investigate the influence of annealing of metallic glasses on its structure and mechanical properties. We reviewed the effects of conventional annealing and mechanical-annealing on the structure and mechanical properties of bulk metallic glass. It has been found that the density, shear wave velocity, longitudinal wave velocity and elastic modulus increased
with annealing time below the glass transition temperature due to atomic rearrangement at a certain degree. While under mechanical annealing, bulk metallic glass had a tendency of density increase at a constant stress below the yield strength. After aging treatment at room temperature for more than 30 days, both the yield strength and fracture strength decreased, and the amplitude of the serrated plastic flow increased during the plastic phase. This result may have some guiding role in understanding the structure and plastic deformation of bulk metallic glasses.

The vacancies in Mendeleev periodic table and the exclamation from Chinese envoy

LIU Dun

2019, 41(4): 294-298. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.009

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Mendeleev completed the first periodic table of chemical elements in the world in 1869, including all 63 known elements at that time arranged into different families in accordance with atomic weight. In addition, he reserved some vacancies and predicted
the existence of some unknown elements and their characters. In the following decades, these vacancies had been successively filled up by newfound elements. In 1877, Guo Songtao, the first Chinese envoy to Britain, heard the story about Mendeleev’s prediction and
the discovery of element Gallium, associating with the course of discovery of Neptune, he unfeignedly praised the western sciences in
terms of delicacy and efficacy.

Previous and present electroencephalogram

2019, 41(4): 299-305. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.010

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The electric activity can be recorded from the surface of head of human being by means of electrodes, which is very weak, about micro-volt. It is named as electroencephalogram (EEG). It has been almost a hundred years since the German psychiatrist Hans
Berger recorded the first human EEG on the scalp in 1924. Nowadays, EEG has been a routine screening measure in clinical and
a unique research tool in brain research. This paper briefly introduced the finding, developing and application of EEG. The future
direction and potential application for EEG research are discussed in the end.

Harming other s will ultimately ruin oneself#br#

GUAN Yi

2019, 41(4): 306-312. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.04.011

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