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Table of Content

    25 October 2019, Volume 41 Issue 5
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    Invited Special Paper
    Nature weapons: materials science of evolutional “arms race”
    JIAO Da, LIU Zengqian, ZHANG Zhefeng
    2019, 41(5):  313-324.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.001
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    Biological material systems have developed unique combinations of mechanical properties to fulfill their specific functions through a series of ingenious designs. Specifically, natural organisms have evolved a diversity of weapons during the long-term evolutionary “arms race” in generating an exceptional mechanical efficiency with a synergy of effective offense and persistence—two characteristics that often tend to be mutually exclusive in many synthetic systems. Taking lessons from nature may offer new promise for creating novel materials with unprecedented properties. This review elucidates the categories, forms, structures and mechanical properties of nature’s weapons, and extracts the design principles for achievement of both offensive and defensive properties from the perspective of materials science. We also revisit the new advances in replicating these design principles at different length-scales in artificial materials, devices and tools, and discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the study on biomechanics and bioinspired materials.
    Detecting DNA methylation with GPS, revealing native characteristics of cancer cells
    XU Peng, YU Wenqiang
    2019, 41(5):  325-334.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.002
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    DNA methylation is vital for the cell’s growth and proliferation, and the aberrant DNA methylation pattern can induce various diseases, including cancer, thus precisely detecting whole genome DNA methylation is of great significance for both diagnosis
    and treatment of diseases. Here, we introduce the novel technology called GPS (guide positioning sequencing), invented by Wenqiang Yu’s team at Fudan University, for monitoring whole genome DNA methylation. Compared with the commonly used WGBS (wholegenome bisulfite sequencing), GPS detects whole genome DNA methylation with a higher accuracy and mapping rate, a lower cost, unbiasedness in sequences, and the capability of identifying epigenome and genome variations in one go. Detecting DNA methylation pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma cell/tissue by utilizing GPS, we revealed a novel mechanism “assimilated symbiosis” for tumor metastasis based on the regulation of DNA methylation.
    A brief introduction to the theory and application of cloud quantum computing
    DING Yongcheng, HAO Minjia, CHEN Xi
    2019, 41(5):  335-342.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.003
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    Constrained by transistor-technology and algorithm, the bottleneck effect decreases the performance of classical computer, especially with huge dataset or high performance computing. People proposed quantum computer to solve this problem, by calculating with the principle of quantum mechanics in microscale. Due to the breakthrough in experimental physics, several
    technology companies released quantum computers for public, for solving some practical problems as well as understanding quantum algorithms better. In this review article, we introduce the basic concept and development process of cloud quantum computing. Plenty of successful applications of cloud quantum computing are presented, and hopefully these would aroused many attentions and enthusiasm.

    Review Article
    An introduction of magnetic-free optical nonreciprocity
    ZHANG Shicheng, NIU Yueping, LIN Gongwei, GONG Shangqing
    2019, 41(5):  343-347.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.004
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    Optical nonreciprocal devices, such as optical isolators, circulators and phase shifts, are basic units of all-optical communications and have important applications in optical signal processing and quantum networks. Standard approaches for optical nonreciprocity make use of magneto-optical properties (e.g. Faraday rotation), which however requires large magnetic fields, and thus makes it difficult for integration on a small scale. To overcome this problem, other magnetic-free approaches have been proposed. In this paper, we will introduce recent developments on magnetic-free optical nonreciprocity, and also our recent research on thermal motion induced optical nonreciprocity and unidirectional amplification.
    Research advances of topological quantum materials
    CUI Yaning, REN Wei
    2019, 41(5):  348-357.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.005
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    Topological quantum materials have recently been a worldwide frontier research topic in condensed matter physics. Over the past decades, the wide investigation of the quantum Hall effect has led to a new paradigm based on the notion of topological order. Through combining the mathematical concept of topology and the energy band theory, scholars have incorporated them into
    the theory, calculation, and experiment of solid state electronic materials. Topological materials may have the properties of peculiar surface states and low energy consumption for electron transport. The origin of such effects is that topological quantum states can be protected strictly by symmetry, and they are highly robust to common impurities, defects or disorder, unless the topological property of the system is changed through a quantum control or phase transition. This emerging research field provides numerous possibilities for the future exploration of electronic materials and devices, as well as information technology based on quantum topological systems and computing. For the development of materials science, the introduction of topological concept enables material scientists to study materials with deeper insight and to describe materials using more advanced mathematical tool. This paper will cover the research progress of topological quantum materials from the perspective of computational science, including topological insulators and topological semi-metals.
    Spin switching of rare-earth perovskites RFeO3
    YUAN Ning, CAO Shixun
    2019, 41(5):  358-363.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.006
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    The spin switching effect in RFeO3 system is classified and discussed in this paper. The spin switching effect refers to the henomenon that the rare earth (or iron) ions magnetic moments are reversed by 180° under a specific external field and temperature, which presents various forms due to the difference of rare earth ions. In this paper, the magnetic configurations of rare earth and iron sub-lattices, and the regulation of external magnetic field on spin switching are discussed in detail.
    Borrowing the power of parallel universe: current status and prospects of quantum computing
    LI Yichao
    2019, 41(5):  364-369.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.007
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    Since the establishment of quantum mechanics, it has been expected to be the cornerstone of future technological advancement. Quantum computing, quantum information processing, quantum communication, quantum measurement and other techniques based on quantum mechanics are currently the focus of attention. People are trying to transform the theoretical results into applications to achieve “the second quantum revolution”. Among above quantum fields, the quantum computation has been
    proved that it has strong potential to beat the traditional computer once it exceeds a critical size due to its parallel computing ability. It even threatens the ordinary encryption algorithms that are widely used currently and further have a profound impact on various fields of society. In this article, we give a general introduction to the background and principle of quantum computing from the view of popularization of science, and propose the future of quantum computing based on the status quo of development. Finally, we give some comments on the possibility of combining quantum computing with artificial intelligence. 
    Progress
    Neutrophils: A double-edged sword in the inflammatory response
    LIANG Xinyue, ZHANG Yunyun, YAN Jianshe
    2019, 41(5):  370-375.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.008
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    Neutrophils, the most abundant white blood cells in human blood circulation, play a critical element of the innate immune response that forms the first line of defense against invading pathogens. However, their unregulated activation leads to inflammatory iseases such as arthritis, colitis, and sepsis. Here we first summarize the generation of neutrophils and themolecular mechanisms
    that recruit neutrophils toward the sites of infection, and then update with mechanism showing neutrophils track down and destroy
    pathogens. In this mini review, we will also discuss the examples of human diseases caused by unregulated neutrophils, and the
    biomarkers of neutrophils and their potential therapeutic significance in diseases.
    Science Review
    Appeals of scientists
    GUAN Yi
    2019, 41(5):  376-383.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.009
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    Portrait
    In memory of Prof. Kun Huang#br#
    JI Yang
    2019, 41(5):  384-385.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.010
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    Santiago Ramón y Cajal：The father of neuroscience
    GU Fanji
    2019, 41(5):  386-390.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.05.011
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    Ramón y Cajal, a Spanish neuroscientist, is recognized as the father of neuroscience. This paper introduces his main contributions to science and his advices to future generations.
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