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Table of Content

    25 December 2015, Volume 37 Issue 6
    Invited Special Paper
    Metallogenetic mystery of deep sea ferromanganese nodules
    ZHOU Huaiyang
    2015, 37(6):  397-404.  doi::10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.001
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     Deep sea manganese nodules are classi?ed into three genetic types: hydrogenetic, diagenetic and mixed, according to their major metal sources. Hydrogenetic manganese nodule, derived from precipitates from sea water column, is generally characterized of smooth surface, Mn/Fe ratio <2, higher concentration of Co and ∑REE, and slower growth rate. In contrast, diagenetic manganese nodule, from pore water in sea?oor sediemnts, is of rough surface, Mn/Fe ratio >2, higher concentration of Cu and Ni, and relative faster growth rate. Classi?cation and identi?cation of ferromanganese minerals of manganese nodules have been very dif?cult and confused as most of or nearly all of them are amorphous and/or poor crystallized. Up to date, it is commonly accepted that major manganese minerals in hydrogenetic and diagenetic nodules are d-MnO2 and 10Å-manganates, respectively. Globally variation of nodule distribution, nodule types, nodule abundance, mineral and chemical composition in nodules is mainly controlled by primary production, carbonate compensate depth and oxygen minimum zone. Although progresses have been largely achieved for the genesis studies of manganese nodules in deep sea by numerous great efforts in last ~100 years, metallogenetic mysteries are still remain to be further explored.
    Brief Introduction of Nobel Prize
    The anti-parasitic drugs that solve the major global health problem—Introduction to theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015
    YU Qiang
    2015, 37(6):  405-410.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.002
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     Humans face constant threats from their environment. One of them is from the parasites that live and propagate inside our body, which may cause diseases and death. Majority of the world population are facing with challenges from various parasitic infections and millions of people died from infectious diseases every year. Two anti-parasitic disease drugs discovered 40 years ago, the anti-River Blindness and Lymphatic Filariasis drug Avermectin discovered by William C. Campbell and Satoshi ōmura, and the anti-Malaria drug discovered by Youyou Tu, revolutionized the treatment for the diseases and changed the lives of millions who are af?icted by the diseases. Because of the great contributions they made in solving the major global health problems, the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the three scientists.
    Neutrinos opening the door to new physics—Introduction to the Nobel Prize in Physics 2015
    QIAN Yongzhong
    2015, 37(6):  411-417.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.003
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     The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 was awarded to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald, who led experiments on atmospheric and solar neutrinos, respectively. These experiments discovered neutrino oscillations, which showed that neutrinos have mass. These seminal results revealed new physics beyond the standard model of particle physics. An introduction is given to these experiments and the relevant physics in the hope that readers would get an overall impression of research on neutrinos and a proper appreciation of the knowledge acquired and the methodology used by physics.
    DNA-repair crew won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015
    WANG Jing, PENG Bin, XU Xingzhi
    2015, 37(6):  418-423.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.004
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     The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 was awarded jointly to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar for having mapped and explained how the cell repairs its DNA and safeguards the genetic information. In this overview, we brie?y introduced  research achievements of the laureates and the link between DNA-repair and etiology, development, diagnosis, therapy, and the prevention of human diseases, cancer in particular.
    Progress
    Progress and outlook of FAST
    LI Huixian, NAN Rendong
    2015, 37(6):  424-434.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.005
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     Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) is a Chinese mega-science project to build the largest single dish radio telescope in the world. FAST will enable astronomers to jump-start many science goals, for example, surveying the neutral hydrogen in the Milky Way and other galaxies, detecting faint pulsars, hearing the possible signals from other civilizations, etc. The  construction content and scienti?c objectives of FAST are overviewed as well as the latest progress and prospects.
    Jurassic flower fossils and the origin of angiosperms
    WANG Xin, LIU Zhongjian
    2015, 37(6):  435-440.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.006
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     Understanding on the history of angiosperms is hinged with our appreciation of the relationship among extant angiosperms. Formerly European and American palaeobotanists believed that angiosperms cannot be older than the Cretaceous, leaving the origin of angiosperms as if a sudden explosion during the Early Cretaceous. But molecular clock and systematic analysis suggested that angiosperms should have been in place in the Triassic or at least the Jurassic, but this point of view lacked fossil support. Therefore the fates of angiosperm evolution hypotheses are hinged with the existence of fossil ?owers in the Jurassic. Herein we introduce three taxa of angiosperms from a single Jurassic fossil locality in western Liaoning, China, con?rming the existence of angiosperms in the Jurassic, advancing a new theory on the homology of angiosperm gynoecium, and paving the road for further development of plant systematics.

    Generalized shear activation criterion
    TONG Hengmao, CHEN Zhengle, LIU Ruixun
    2015, 37(6):  441-447.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.007
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    There are some limitations in classic shear fracture criteria such as Coulomb-Mohr criterion and sliding friction law represented by Byerlee law. On the base of Coulomb-Mohr criterion and Byerlee law, starting from the physical nature of shear fracture, and applying the activation criterion of pre-existing weakness and the theory of activation tendency analysis, a generalized shear activation criterion is proposed. The criterion can be used to quantitatively determine the probability of shear activation for any medium, any stress state, any orientation plane. It extends not only Coulomb-Mohr criterion from homogeneous media to inhomogeneous media with pre-existing weakness, but the sliding friction law represented by Byerlee law from 2D stress state to any triaxial stress state, and shows broad application prospects.
    Endogenous molecular-cellular network theory: A system-biomedical perspective towards complex diseases
    SU Hang, WANG Gaowei, ZHU Xiaomei, XU Minjuan, AO Ping
    2015, 37(6):  448-454.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.008
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     With the development of molecular biology, it becomes increasingly important to understand the biological complexity systematically and quantitatively. Endogenous molecular-cellular network theory was proposed to depict the core network structure underneath biological system and quantify it by a nonlinear stochastic dynamical system. We review the basic considerations of this theory and several results achieved so far here. Based on this theoretical framework, we may achieve a better understanding of the progression and regression of complex diseases from an adaptive landscape view, make new and practical predictions, and provide some potentialstrategies towards the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases.
    Natural Forum
    On intermediate—mass black holes (IMBH)
    ZHAO Junliang
    2015, 37(6):  454-460.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.009
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     Empirical evidence for both stellar-mass black holes and supermassive black holes is well established. However, it is not the case for intermediate-mass black hole. There has not yet got the unanimous conclusion about the problem whether central IMBHs in globular clusters exist or not.
    Science Review
    The great achievements
    GUAN Yi
    2015, 37(6):  461-469.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.010
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    Science Focus
    Structure of a yeast spliceosome at high resolution
    DUAN Yanfang
    2015, 37(6):  470-472.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.06.011
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