Mitochondria are important organelles that provide energy to cells and regulate cell signaling and growth. The development  of many diseases is accompanied by abnormal mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial transplantation is a potential therapy for critical  diseases, especially ischemic diseases. From the perspective of mitochondrial transplantation therapy for myocardial ischemia, this article briefly reviews the effectiveness, mechanism and limitations of mitochondrial transplantation aiming to shed new light on the development of mitochondrial transplantation therapy.