Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain one of the leading causes of global mortality, while their early diagnosis and real-time monitoring continue to present significant clinical challenges. Liquid biopsy, by virtue of its non-invasiveness, superior sensitivity, and capacity for longitudinal surveillance, provides a new approach for early screening, disease progression monitoring, and precision treatment of CVD. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in liquid biopsy applications for cardiovascular diseases, methodologically delineating three pivotal biomarker classes: extracellular vesicles (EVs), circulating cell free nucleic acids, and cardiac-specific proteins exemplified by troponin and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). In terms of detection technology, this review comprehensively evaluates emerging platforms spanning digital PCR, high-throughput sequencing, mass spectrometry, and microfluidic chips, with particular emphasis on the critical value of multi-technology integration strategies to achieve synergistic enhancement in biomarker capture efficiency and analytical precision. Finally, this review discusses the challenges and future prospects of liquid biopsy in clinical applications for cardiovascular diseases.