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Table of Content

    20 December 2019, Volume 41 Issue 6
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    Brief Introduction of Nobel Prize
    The 2019 Nobel Physics Prize: Understanding the cosmic evolution and the Earth in the Universe
    CHEN Xuelei
    2019, 41(6):  391-400.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.06.001
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    The Nobel Physics Prize is awarded to three astronomers for their contributions on helping us to understand the cosmic evolution and the Earth in the Universe. P. J. E. Peebles from the Princeton University, USA, are given half of the prize, for his theoretical works in physical cosmology. Michel Mayor of the Geneva University, Switzerland, and Didier Queloz of the Cambridge University shared the other half of the prize, for their first discovery of a planet circling sun-like star. We give a popular introduction to their works.
    The revealing of oxygen sensing mechanism is conductive to fighting many diseases:  The interpretation of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019#br#
    JIANG Jizong
    2019, 41(6):  401-406.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.06.002
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    Cell sensing and adapting to changing oxygen concentration is one of life’s most essential adaptive processes. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 was awarded jointly to the three scientists who dedicated to studying cell sensing and adapting to changing oxygen availability because of their great contributions in revealing the cellular oxygen sensing pathway. This paper
    elaborates the research results and research progress of the three scientists in the field of cell oxygen sensing, and looks forward to the significance and far-reaching impact of their research results on fighting various diseases.
    Three “godfathers” of lithium battery win the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
    LIU Yang, LIU Wenbo, ZHENG Feng, YAN Wei, ZHANG Jiujun
    2019, 41(6):  407-413.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.06.003
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    To enjoy the convenience of mobile phones, cameras, laptops, electromobiles, etc. in the rapid developing society, efficient energy storage are desired to power them. As one type of the efficient energy storage technologies, lithium battery with high battery voltage and high energy density, which has already contributed to improving our lives, will continue to do so in the years to come. The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to three scientists in lithium battery. The reputation for the three “godfathers” is deserved, and it is also a spur to further development of lithium batteries.
    Review Article
    Fry in liver’s own grease: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
    CHEN Yiyan, LU Yan
    2019, 41(6):  414-422.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.06.004
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    Due to lifestyle changes, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased and thus become one of the most common chronic liver diseases globally. However, adverse outcomes of NAFLD are undervalued and the first licensed drug for NAFLD has not yet been approved. Here, we summarize recent progress in the studies of the mechanism and new therapies of NAFLD, which may provide a better understanding of this disease.
    Burning caloric: The stories of thermogenic fat
    CHEN Xin, LI Guoqiang, MENG Meiyao, XU Lingyan
    2019, 41(6):  423-430.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.06.005
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    Obesity represents excess accumulation of fat in adipose tissues, which is the major risk factor for metabolic diseases including type II diabetes, hepatic steatosis and cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, numerous researches have shown that, in both
    rodents and human, brown fat and the newly identified beige fat play vital roles in themogenesis and energy expenditure, as well as in glucose and lipid homeostasis as metabolic sinks, thus the enhancement of brown/beige fat functionality is considered as a novel therapeutic strategy against obesity and metabolic diseases. This review aims to address recent progress in the understanding of the anatomical, developmental, functional characteristics and regulatory network of brown and beige adipocytes, as well as discuss about the perspectives and emerging challenges.
    Gut microbiota and metabolic diseases
    GU Yanyun, ZHONG Huanzi, LI Junhua
    2019, 41(6):  431-438.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.06.006
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    The intestinal microbiota is engaged in multiple interactions with host physiological activities, during the entire life span and contributing to the development of various health conditions, especially chronic metabolic diseases. In the last decade, numerous
    studies have linked the components of the microbiota or its metabolites, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), secondary bile acids (BAs) to metabolic diseases including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the potential of the intestinal microbiota in treating metabolic diseases has aroused tremendous interests. This review discusses recent progresses of the studies on gut microbiota related to host metabolic homeostasis regulations and the relevance of intestinal microbiota with respect to their roles in the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as bariatric surgery, antibiotics medicine and incretin-based therapies. The new therapeutic strategies proposed or designed for targeting or reshaping intestinal microbiota to manage metabolic diseases are also included.
    Application of the whole-exome sequencing in diabetes mellitus
    ZONG Yicen, HU Cheng, JIA Weiping
    2019, 41(6):  439-443.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.06.007
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    Diabetes is a metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by defective insulin secretion or impaired biological effects, which can lead to chronic damage and dysfunction of various tissues, especially eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels
    and nerves. Among the complex pathogenesis of diabetes, genetic factors play an essentical and irreplaceable role. Whole-exome
    sequencing (WES) is a high throughput sequencing method for genome analysis, which captures and enriches the exon region DNA of the whole genome for sequencing by the sequence capture technology. Based on its advantages of high specificity, high accuracy and high coverage, whole-exome sequencing has a great impact on the identification of susceptibility genes for complex diseases such as diabetes and obesity. This paper reviews the application of whole-exome sequencing in screening genetic susceptibility genes and coding variations of diabetes mellitus.
    Progress
    Thermoelectric materials with low lattice thermal conductivity
    WU Guoqiang, HU Jianfeng, LUO Pengfei, LUO Jun
    2019, 41(6):  444-452.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.06.008
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    Thermoelectric materials can directly convert heat into electricity and thus have broad prospects for commercial application as clean energy materials. However, the low energy conversion efficiency still limits their large-scale applications. It is still a fundamental issue of thermoelectric materials to improve their thermoelectric properties. Optimizing the electrical transport properties and lowering the lattice thermal conductivity are the main ways to improve the thermoelectric performance. In contrast to the strongly correlated electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient, it is relatively independent to modulate the lattice thermal conductivity. Hence, it is a research hotspot to realize low lattice thermal conductivity in the field of thermoelectricity. This review summarized the methods lowering the lattice thermal conductivity by means of crystal defects, such as point defects, line defects, face defects, and interstitial atoms, and presented the related phonon scattering mechanisms. In addition, the exploration of thermoelectric materials with low dimensions, low acoustic velocities, or low specific heats, as well as the underlying mechanism for their intrinsic low lattice thermal conductivities are introduced in this review.
    Natural Forum
    Selenium, an indispensable element for humanity
    SHAO Lixiong, LU Jianmei, JIANG Xuefeng
    2019, 41(6):  453-459.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2019.06.009
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    Selenium is a non-metallic element in the VIA group of the fourth cycle of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. It is an essential trace element in the human body and is closely related to the human health. Selenium plays an important role in biological phenomena, medicine health, agricultural food, glass, electronics, chemical, metallurgy and other fields. In this paper, the main values and applications of selenium in various fields are introduced.
    Science Review
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