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25 December 2023, Volume 45 Issue 6
Previous Issue
Invited Special Paper
Angiosperm diversity and conservation progress in China
ZHAO Yujie, ZHAO Lina, HU Haihua, PENG Danxiao, CHEN Zhiduan, LU Limin
2023, 45(6): 399-409. doi:
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.06.001
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Due to the impact of climate change and human activities, China’s biodiversity is under serious threat, which requires urgent conservation actions. According to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, the “3030 Target” calls for at least 30% of the world’s land and oceans to be protected by 2030. Although the current protected areas in China have covered ca. 18% of its land area, large conservation gaps remain to achieve the 30% target. It is therefore urgent to identify more conservation priorities. Researchers identified southwest China as the diversity hotspot of flowering plants based on numerous diversity indices, such as those incorporating richness, endemism, vulnerability, and evolutionary history. Furthermore, unique conservation gaps is identified using the categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism (CANAPE), integrative richness-based index (
I
rich
), and integrative phylogenybased index (
I
phyl
). These progresses provide solid scientific support for improving China’s nature reserve system.
Brief Introduction of Nobel Prize
From the photoelectric effect and wave-particle duality to attosecond pulses—The 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics
YE Peng, WEI Zhiyi
2023, 45(6): 410-416. doi:
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.06.002
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In 2023, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, and Anne L'Huillier in recognition of their exceptional experimental achievements in the field of attosecond light pulses. From the inception of the concept of electromagnetic waves to the unveiling of the photoelectric effect, and onward to the discovery of lasers and high-order harmonics, humanity has gradually revealed the complex interplay between light and matter. Attosecond pulse technology, akin to a finely crafted key, has unlocked the mysteries of the physical world's shortest time scales. Today, attosecond pulse technology is widely applied in research across fields such as energy, information technology, and medicine, providing a powerful tool for exploration. With ongoing refinement and enhancement, we have every reason to believe that in the near future, it will bring about unexpected breakthroughs and leaps in both fundamental scientific inquiry and industrial innovation.
The discovery and innovations of quantum dots: Scientific spirit beyond the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
ZHONG Haizheng, LIU Xiaoli
2023, 45(6): 417-422. doi:
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.06.003
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2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to three scientists for exploring the nanoworld. Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov developed and discovered quantum dots, particles whose sizes govern their properties. In this paper, we tried to describe the discovery and innovations of quantum dots as well as the scientific spirit of the researchers during the developments of quantum dots.
The mRNA technology won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
XU Yao, LI Kexin, ZHAO Lianmei, ZHANG Hongtao
2023, 45(6): 423-428. doi:
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.06.004
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One of the most significant obstacles that mRNA must overcome on its path to become a drug or vaccine is the immune surveillance and degradation it faces. Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of nucleoside base modifications, which enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. Through these specialized modifications, synthetic mRNAs can avoid the monitoring and degradation by immune cells. Of course, the success of mRNA vaccines is inseparable from the delivery system (LNP) and the quick deciphering of the genetic sequence of the virus. Beyond vaccines preventing pathogen infections, mRNA technology also holds a broad prospect in fields like cancer vaccines, gene editing, and cell therapy.
Science for the Future
Higgs mechanism: origin of mass for elementary particles
ZHU Hongwei
2023, 45(6): 429-433. doi:
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.06.006
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The Higgs mechanism is a physical mechanism that understands the origin of the masses of elementary particles. This article introduces the basic concepts of Higgs mechanism and spontaneous symmetry breaking, and explains their physical connotations using the elementary mathematical knowledge such as polynomial function. Finally, the significance of symmetry ideas in modern scientific development is discussed.
Progress
Research progress in targeted degradation of membrane proteins
ZHAO Su, ZHANG Heng, LI Yan, WANG Zhenchao
2023, 45(6): 434-442. doi:
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.06.008
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Membrane proteins are the major participants in cell-cell interactions, and play important roles in many essential cellular processes, such as signal transduction, differentiation, proliferation, and stress response. Traditional small molecule inhibitors and antibodies can play a role by inhibiting and blocking the interactions between membrane proteins and their ligands, but there are often problems of incomplete inhibition or induction of drug resistance. The emerging protein targeted degradation technologies provide a new area for drug discovery. The function of protein is completely lost by specifically degrading in lysosome or proteasome, which expands significantly the drugable scope. This review briefly discusses research progress about targeted membrane protein degradation technologies and presents the promising application of these technologies in clinic.
Research progress of optical microbottle resonator sensor
WANG Zijie, ZHANG Qi, ZHANG Xiaobei, SUMETSKY Michael, WANG Tingyun
2023, 45(6): 443-454. doi:
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.06.010
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Whispering gallery mode microbottle resonator (MBR), as one type of optical microcavities, can confine light in a three-dimensional region, possessing the advantages of high quality factor and small mode volume. The inherently hollow channel of MBR can be combined with microfluidic technology, and thus become a versatile platform for optofluidic sensing. In this review, we start with a general overview of MBR development and then introduce the sensing mechanisms of MBR, which include mode shift, mode splitting and mode broaden. Subsequently, we describe the structure model and fabrication technology of MBR. Afterwards, we detail the sensing applications of hollow MBR, including temperature sensing, pressure and ultrasound sensing, bio-chemical sensing, gas sensing, magnetic field sensing, liquid properties sensing, and hydrogel phase sensing. In the end, we give a brief conclusion and envision of MBR sensing applications.
Quantum entanglement and spacetime structure
LIN Shuyi, GE Xianhui, TIAN Lijun
2023, 45(6): 455-462. doi:
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.05.012
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We review recent progresses on entanglement entropy and Page curve of black holes, and discuss the relationship between entanglement entropy and geometry. As is well-known, there are four fundamental interactions in nature: the strong interaction, the weak interaction, the electromagnetic interaction, and gravity. However, the first three interactions have already been unified by quantum theory, with only gravity remaining as a separate theory from the others. Therefore, the most important objective of modern physics is to study the theory of quantum gravity. Physicists have found that they can use quantum field theory to study gravity. In this process, we can discover the relationships among quantum entanglement, geometry, and the localization of spacetime, which implies the direction of the development of quantum gravity. We hope to find a breakthrough in the quantization of gravity through quantum entanglement. We then are able to explore the nature of quantum gravity and further understand the nature of spacetime.
The relationship between epilepsy and diabetes mellitus
HE Min, WANG Yunan, ZHAO Linlin, REN Yanxue, YU Qian, ZHANG Jingyu
2023, 45(6): 463-467. doi:
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.
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With the increasing incidence of diabetes and epilepsy year by year, the comorbidity of the two is also increasing, and some studies have confirmed that there is a certain correlation between diabetes and epilepsy, but the understanding of the comorbidity of the two is still insufficient. This article reviews the latest research progress in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment between diabetes and epilepsy, in order to provide theoretical basis and research ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of diabetes complicated with epilepsy.
Portrait
The legendary life of the pioneer of epigenetics and chromatin biology, C. David Allis
XU Peng
2023, 45(6): 468-474. doi:
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.04.011
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The sudden death of C. David Allis, a trailblazer in the fields of epigenetics and chromatin biology, immediately triggered widespread and profound mourning in the biomedical community. Through a collection of briefs, interviews, obituaries, and relevant original academic papers, the author comprehensively reviews his legendary life and highlights his contributions. The four farreaching research contributions are discovering the first histone acetyltransferase, revealing the correlation between histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation (H3S10ph) and cell division, co-identifying the first histone site-specific methyltransferase with collaborators, and advancing the study of histone variants and “oncohistone”. A theoretical contribution is the hypothesis of “histone code”. Two general
contributions to epigenetic community are: as one of the advocators, participated in the systematic nomenclature for histone modifying enzymes; as one of the chief editors, compiled the masterpiece “Epigenetics”.
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