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    25 October 2023, Volume 45 Issue 5
    Previous Issue   
    Invited Special Paper
    The multidisciplinary approach reveals the origin of complex societies of primates
    ZHENG Jixuan, ZHANG Guojie, QI Xiaoguang
    2023, 45(5):  321-328.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.05.001
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    The social systems of primates are highly diverse, but their evolutionary history, especially the origin of some most complex societies, remains elusive. Although much attention has been focused on this issue for about one century and tremendous progress has been made in the fields of social ecology and ethology, we still know little about the genetic underpinnings of primates’ social behaviors. Recently, a joint team of Chinese and foreign scientists, led by Professor Qi Xiaoguang of Northwest University, has provided new insights into this question with evidence from comparative genomics, ecology, paleontology, ethology, and cell biology. This work has been published in Science. They focused on the natural history of Asian colobines, a group of unique and endangered Old World monkeys, and discovered the possible driving force of their social evolution. The results demonstrated that this taxon’s social systems both have a strong phylogenetic signal and were deeply affected by historical environmental events. Rapid evolution and reorganization of dopamine and oxytocin pathways driven by cold climate may play a key role in the formation of the most complex multi-level societies. This study has pioneered a “behavior-ecology-genome” paradigm, opening up a new avenue for the study of primate social evolution.
    Review Article
    Research progress of low-dimensional quantum materials
    LI Keren, XI Yilian, FENG Haifeng, DU Yi
    2023, 45(5):  329-339.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.05.002
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    Many novel quantum effects can be observed in some special materials, which are the carriers of quantum effects and are called quantum materials. The research on quantum materials is leading a new technological revolution and is a hot frontier in many research fields. Because of the correlation between electrons and electrons in low-dimensional materials and the obvious limiting effect of electrons, there are rich and wonderful quantum effects or behaviors in low-dimensional materials. This paper mainly introduces several mechanisms affecting the basic properties of quantum materials from the quantum effects in materials, and focuses on the development history, development status and current challenges of several low-dimensional quantum materials (topological insulators, graphene, silene, germanene).
    Structure and physical properties of gallium-based liquid metal
    ZHANG Chunxiao, CUI Dandan, DU Yi, XU Xun, ZHONG Jianxin, REN Long
    2023, 45(5):  340-354.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.05.003
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    Gallium (Ga)-based liquid metals (LMs), due to their good fluidity and high electrical/thermal conductivity, yield many attractive room-temperature properties different from solid metal materials and even overcome some bottlenecks that solid metal cannot reach. Therefore, Ga-LMs exhibit great application prospects in flexible devices, soft robots, and others. The unique physical properties of Ga-LMs are closely related to their atomic structures, bonding, and valence relationship, as well as their electronic properties. An in-depth understanding of the basic structure and physical properties of Ga-LMs is of great significance for the research and application of liquid metal materials. In this review, we briefly introduce the theories and analytical methods commonly used for studying the basic physical properties of liquid metal, through the aspect of the microscopic atomic structure. Accordingly, some most attractive properties of Ga-LMs are reviewed and discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the study and application of LMs are discussed as well.
    Research progress of two-dimensional semiconductor photocatalytic materials
    XU Ruohang, CUI Dandan, HAO Weichang
    2023, 45(5):  355-362.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.05.00410.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.05.004
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    Photocatalytic technology can directly use low-energy-density sunlight to drive chemical reactions to realize the direct conversion of solar energy to high-density chemical energy to produce clean energy and industrial raw materials, and can also drive the degradation of pollutants and toxic substances to control environmental pollution. Although there have been more and more reports on the research and development of photocatalytic materials, they are still far from meeting the requirements of largescale applications in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. In recent years, among many reported photocatalysts, twodimensional semiconductor materials have shown excellent catalytic performance and application prospects. This paper systematically summarizes the research status of two-dimensional semiconductor photocatalytic materials, and proposes future research and directions outlook.
    Application of Raman spectroscopy in the study of heterojunction of two-dimensional semiconductor photocatalysts#br#
    LYU Zixuan, CUI Dandan, FENG Haifeng, HAO Weichang
    2023, 45(5):  363-370.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.05.005
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    The design of highly active photocatalysts is an effective means of efficient utilization of solar energy, and two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor photocatalysts have great advantages in the study of photocatalysis due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Raman spectroscopy is increasingly used in the research of semiconductor materials because of its advantages such as short detection time, in situ, non-destructive testing and simple sample preparation. In this paper, the basic principle of Raman spectroscopy is introduced, and the research on the design of 2D semiconductor photocatalysts in recent years has been summarized. The application of Raman spectroscopy in the study of transverse and longitudinal heterojunction of 2D semiconductor photocatalysts is reviewed, which lays a technical foundation for the design of new 2D semiconductor photocatalysts. 
    Progress
    Chinese fossils tell the story of origin and evolution of lagomorph
    LI Qian
    2023, 45(5):  371-381.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.03.008
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    Lagomorpha is a significant component of the mammal and comprises two living families: Leporidae (rabbits and hares) and Ochotonidae. Since 1970s, our understanding of the origin, taxonomy, and phylogenetic relationships of Lagomorpha has greatly improved, largely due to the discovery of new fossils in China. Recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that Asia is likely the center of origin for Lagomorpha. Fossil evidence of stem lagomorph taxa has been found in Paleocene to lowest Eocene deposits in this region. One important finding is the presence of Mimotona in the early-middle Paleocene of the Qianshan Basin, Anhui, China, which is considered a primitive “morphotype” that may represent the ancestor of lagomorphs. The oldest known Lagomorpha, Dowsonolagus, has been discovered in the late early Eocene of the Erlian Basin, China. This finding further supports the hypothesis of an Asian origin for Lagomorpha. The view that rodents and lagomorphs share an exclusive common ancestry is widely accepted among morphological researchers, and recent molecular studies have provided additional support for this idea. Now, the close relationship between these two groups is well-established. Recently, in Nei Mongol, China, extensive and well-preserved lagomorph fossils have been collected from Eocene and Oligocene strata through comprehensive investigations. These newly discovered fossils offer exciting opportunities to unravel long-standing mysteries surrounding the evolution and history of lagomorphs.

    Research progress of neurofilament light chains in autoimmune encephalitis
    TONG Xiaolan, PAN Xue, GAO Juan
    2023, 45(5):  382-388.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.04.014
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    Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an inflammatory disease in central nervous system (CNS), which is related with neuronal autoantibodies or CNS autoimmune biomarkers. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is selectively expressed and the most important protein in neuronal cytoskeleton. The elevated NfL has been confirmed as a biomarker for the development or progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have shown that NfL is associated with early      screening/diagnosis, disease progression/therapy and prognostic checking/assessment of AE, which is expected to be a potential biomarker for AE therapy. Therefore, NfL is systematically reviewed from basic structure and function and detection methods to AE diagnosis, especially emphasizing on early screening diagnosis, disease progress monitoring and prognosis treatment evaluation.
    Research in classification, clinical diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia
    ZHAO Linlin, WANG Yunan, ZHANG Jingyu
    2023, 45(5):  389-393.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.04.015
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    Trigeminal neuralgia is a kind of severe pain that occurs in the distribution area of trigeminal nerve in the head and face, including sudden onset, sudden stop, lightning, knife cutting, burning, intractable and unbearable. Its pathogenesis is not clear. It is often considered that it may be related to neuropathy, immune inflammatory mechanism and ion channel, and its treatment methods are also diverse. At present, it is still dominated by drug treatment. When drug treatment is ineffective, electrophysiological therapy and surgical treatment can be considered, including radiofrequency thermocoagulation, microvascular decompression and balloon compression. This paper summarizes the classification and clinical diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, in order to provide the latest theoretical basis for the early clinical diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
    Natural Forum
    Charm physics in the golden decade
    YU Fusheng
    2023, 45(5):  394-396.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2023.03.011
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    The discovery of charm quark by Prof. Samuel C. C. Ting and Prof. B. Richter in 1974 was a revolution of particle physics, which was quickly awarded by the Nobel Prize in 1976. Charm physics studies the properties of weak decays of charmed hadrons. It had made great progress during the past decade. The discovery of double-charm baryon is awarded as “Top ten progresses of Chinese science in 2017”. The discovery of charge-parity symmetry violation in charm is awarded as “Top ten breakthroughs in 2019” by Physics  World. Chinese theorists and experimentalists made significant contributions to them.
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