Abstract: The design of highly active photocatalysts is an effective means of efficient utilization of solar energy, and two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor photocatalysts have great advantages in the study of photocatalysis due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Raman spectroscopy is increasingly used in the research of semiconductor materials because of its advantages such as short detection time, in situ, non-destructive testing and simple sample preparation. In this paper, the basic principle of Raman spectroscopy is introduced, and the research on the design of 2D semiconductor photocatalysts in recent years has been summarized. The application of Raman spectroscopy in the study of transverse and longitudinal heterojunction of 2D semiconductor photocatalysts is reviewed, which lays a technical foundation for the design of new 2D semiconductor photocatalysts.