Abstract: This article outlines the scientific essence and developmental history of mathematics, revealing its core characteristics of “mastering complexity through simplicity” and “seeking truth through reason”. Originating from the study of quantities and forms, mathematics is essentially an abstract representation of the underlying laws of nature and society. From Pythagoras’ insight that “all is number” to modern digital practices, it demonstrates cognitive power that transcends time and space. The text traces humanity’s exploration of mathematics and details advanced branches derived from calculus, highlighting the wisdom of “simplifying the complex” through classic puzzles and experiments. Since the 20th century, applied branches such as mathematical statistics, computational mathematics, operations research, and information theory have flourished. They permeate every aspect of life—from AI and aerospace to medical R&D and logistics—forming an interdisciplinary synergy of “Mathematics-Science-Engineering”.
Additionally, the outstanding contributions of Chinese mathematicians in fields like geometric analysis, functional analysis, and dynamical systems stand out as significant highlights in the history of mathematical development.