Chinese Journal of Nature

Destructive analysis of soluble salt NaCl/NaNO₃ on pottery samples

ZHAO Jing, LUO Hongjie, WANG Liqin, LI Weidong

2015, 37(5): 317-324. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.001

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As for similar research had not been reported about the discussion of the soluble salt NaCl, NaNO3 and their composite in effloresces pottery, the analysis of the properties such as surface tension, concentration and equilibrium crystalline phase of salt solution and their composite were studied, as well as the destructive process and effect of the salt for the pottery was discussed with the test methods of digital microscope and automatic mercury porosimetry etc. The results indicated that the ratio of dissolution and crystallization of composite salt NaCl/NaNO3 was accelerated in pottery samples and the damage effect was serious on the condition of the ability of water absorption and desorption in composite salt NaCl/NaNO3 was much higher than that in single NaCl or NaNO3.
The mushroom shaped salt crust in composite salt was wrapped in the pottery particles tightly and the area was gradually decreased under the relative humidity cycles, the micro-cracks was expanded expressed in the continuous salt crust area was decreased and the discontinuous area was increased, which showed as the average pore size of the pottery sample was decreased and the contents of microporous was increased. In all, the process and the action of composite salt NaCl/NaNO3 or the pottery samples were studied for the sake of scientific research in next protection.

Nondestructive analysis of section structure of common ceramic cultural relics based on OCT imaging technology

DONG Junqing, LI Qinghui, YAN Xin

2015, 37(5): 325-331. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.002

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Utilizing the optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging technology, we nondestructively analyzed the section structure of some ceramic cultural relics (such as colored pottery, lacquer painted pottery, tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty, glazed pottery with twisted body, celadon and Jun porcelain) unearthed from Henan and Anhui provinces and dated from Neolithic Period to the Western Han Dynasty. We obtained the section structure imaging characteristics of the surface (the layers of pigment, lacquer and glaze), the middle layer, the glaze/body boundaries and the body of the different type ceramic objects. The production process characteristics of the different ceramic antiquities were discussed based on the characteristics. In addition, we also discussed the advantages and limitations of the OCT imaging technology in analyzing the section structure of diverse ceramic culture relics.

Immunoassays technology of binding media in ancient polychrome cultural relics

HU Wenjing，ZHANG Bingjian

2015, 37(5): 332-340. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.003

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The binding media is the important part of pigment layer in paintings (e.g. ancient murals, painting pottery and ancient building painting, etc.). Egg white, skin glue, bone glue and peach gum, etc. Natural biomaterials are commonly used by the ancients as binding media or adhesives in painting pigments. The detection of the binding media is crucial for studies of cultural relics history and the reinforcement and conservation of endangered cultural relics. Nevertheless, the binding media easily loss and aging resulting from the nature of itself, adding to the limitations of analytical techniques, the research work of cultural relics has been greatly affected. Based on the modern molecular biology, immunological technique has got fast development, taking advantage of the highly specificity of antigens and antibodies, which would allow different biological source of target molecular to be determined sensitively. At present, the researches of identification of components in cultural relics by immunological technique has got many successful cases, especially represented by ELISA and IFM, had significant advantages in the identification of biological source of binding media. The related research progress and our laboratory research work of the immunoassays for identification of binding media in ancient polychrome cultural relics were reviewed in detail; meanwhile also proposed, existing immunological technique and high sensitivity imaging trace chemiluminescence immunoassay have the potential of imaging or spatially resolved in the identification of
micro-components.

The characteristics of the main dissolved salt and the desalination experiments inTerra-Cotta Warriors and Horses of Emperor Qin Shihuang Mausolesum Site

Lü Gongxuan, ZHANG Shangxin, QIAN Ling, XIA Yin, HU Hongyan, RONG Bo,ZHOU Tie

2015, 37(5): 341-347. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.004

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In this paper, the characteristics of the main dissolved salt elements and their contents in Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses of Emperor Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Site were presented. Na2SO4 and NaCl are main deterioration salts, in addition, small amount of K and Ca sulfate and nitrate were also found. Amount of Mg sulfate was detected. The demage of Na2SO4 was very different from that of NaCl. Its super penetration, migration and destruction abilities led to much more serious demages, the salt demage styles were commonly salt efflorescence, falking and piece falling. The demage results of Na2SO4 salt were highly dependent on its containing temperature, the variation of environmental temperature and humidity. The easy demage condition regions are 32.4 ℃ and the humidity variation around 40%. The mimc of salt demage was carried out in the laboratory conditions, and the regualtions of salt migration was presented. The relatively permitted-critical relative temperature and humidity for the protection of the earthen sites are suggested. A starch grafted polyacrylamide superabsorbent material was used to remove the soluble salts. Very satisfied desalting results in Emperor Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Site were obtained.

Gauss number theory studies and his life addendum

JIN Yanan, XU Liquan

2015, 37(5): 348-354. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.005

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As we know, Carl Friedrich Gauss was a mathematician to make use of mathematical analysis to research the number theory after Euler and Lagrange. An introduction of his study is presented systematically here. There are many exciting formulas and theorems such as the constructability of the regular 17-gon, Gaussian sum and the law of quadratic reciprocity. His main numbertheoretical work, Disquisitions Arithmeticae, and several smaller number-theoretical papers contain so many deep and technical results that Fundamental Theorem of Algebra and the ring of Guassian integers and so on. These conceptions, theorems, and formulas were all first discovered accurately by Gauss’ demonstrations. Gauss was extraordinary at converting a complex question into a simple problem. In fact, Gauss’ ideas have become more generalized. These facts are enough to prove that he had extensive and deep knowledge of his subject. A few instances represent his deep insight. Besides, we can appreciate the basic principle of methodology from Gauss’ inventions and discoveries. He never takes a process of discovery in a cover-up, and we know this from his diary which informs us about his most important discoveries.

Consider musical instruments from mechanics

WU Jike

2015, 37(5): 355-361. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.006

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The close relation between music and mechanics is considered from history development. Music scale and vibration frequency, the law of music instruments are mentioned. Finally, we talk about that the music instruments are improved by mechanics research, but also music research promotes the progress of science.

Medical model and health services

YAO Zhihong

2015, 37(5): 362-368. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.007

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With the acceleration of the aging of population and the younger trend of chronic diseases, there is a great demand for health services in China. However, our current medical resources cannot meet the needs. To improve the quality and efficiency of health services becomes the hot spot of the people's livelihood. This paper expounds the characteristics of health services in modern times and modern medical mode, which is based on the traditional medical model, modern medical model and modern biological, psychological and social medical model. The article points out that the mobile health service not only enhance the utilization of medical resources, reduce medical costs, but also improve people's health and well-being, bring benefits the country and the people.

Enzymes and life sciences (Ⅲ): Discovery and utilization of molecular biology enzymes

GUO Xiaoqiang

2015, 37(5): 369-390. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.008

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In the last half of 20th century, molecular biology has made rapid development in life science. The discovery and application of molecular biology enzymes play an important role in promoting it. Several enzymes were identified and clarified including DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, restriction endonuclease, and telomerase. The progresses expand the understanding of many life phenomena. These enzymes also were used in molecular biology tecniques, known as recombinant DNA, Sanger sequencing and polymerase chain reaction, which have a variety of applications such as nucleic acid manipulation, DNA sequencing and amplification. In the paper, the history of researches on molecular biology enzymes was described to understand the
significance of these enzymes.

Countless small steps in science

GUAN Yi

2015, 37(5): 381-387. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.009

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New discovery of the Cretaceous fossils from Laiyang, Shandong Province

DUAN Yanfang

2015, 37(5): 388-391. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.010

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Martin Gardner: The master of mathematical science popularization

ZENG Ganlin

2015, 37(5): 392-396. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2015.05.011

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Martin Gardner was the world-famous master of mathematical science popularization in the 20th century, who occupied a unique place in mathematics. He didn't obtain a doctorate in mathematics, but his work made mathematicians and mathematical enthusiasts fondle admiringly. He was proficient in magic, and good at using the public interest in magic to disseminate the knowledge of mathematics, making magic a tool and instrument of mathematical science popularization; he presided over the scientific American “mathematical games”, and made it become the magazine “brand products” ;he was skillful in using mathematical means to break the superstition of number. His contribution in the field of mathematical science popularization would be remembered by history.

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