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Table of Content

    25 February 2016, Volume 38 Issue 1
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    Invited Special Paper
    Exploration of paleoclimate and possible life on Mars
    LIN Yangting
    2016, 38(1):  1-7.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2016.01.001
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     Mars is the most promising planet where life may have emerged outside the Earth. It is the best candidate planet to immigrate in the future. Water is an essential constituent of life, which is the key clue of searching for life on Mars. Meanwhile, water plays an important role in magmatism and tectonic activity, connecting the interior processes and the climate evolution of Mars. Numerous Mars exploration missions have uncovered the paleoclimate history, evolving from the existence of fluvial water ~3.5 billion years ago to the present cool and dry surface. Martian meteorites are the only available rock samples from Mars, carrying the information of the magmatism and the paleoclimate evolution via rock-water reaction on Mars. Evidence for the presence of groundwater on Mars ~190 million years ago was found in the Martian meteorite collected by the Chinese Antarctica Expedition, and possible life-related organic matter was discovered in the recent Tissint Martian meteorite fall.

    Relativistic baryonic jets from an ultraluminous supersoft X-ray source
    BAI Yu, WANG Song, LIU Jifeng
    2016, 38(1):  8-14.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2016.01.002
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    The formation of relativistic jets by an accreting compact object is one of the fundamental mysteries of astrophysics. While the theory is poorly understood, the observations of relativistic jets from systems known as microquasars have led to a well-established phenomenology. Relativistic jets are not expected from sources with soft or supersoft X-ray spectra, although two such systems are known to produce relatively low-velocity bipolar out?ows. Here we report the optical spectra of an ultraluminous supersoft X-ray source (ULS) in the nearby galaxy M81 (M81 ULS-1) showing blueshifted broad Ha emission lines, the characteristics of baryonic jets with relativistic speeds. The time variable jets have projected velocities ~17 percent of the speed of light, which seems similar to those in the prototype microquasar SS433. Such relativistic jets are not expected to be launched from white dwarfs, but an origin from a black hole or neutron star in M81 ULS-1 is hard to reconcile with its constant soft X-rays. The completely unexpected presence of relativistic jets in a ULS challenges the canonical theories for jet formation, which is possibly explained by a long speculated supercritically accreting black hole with optically thick out?ows.
    Review Article
    A scientific study on the lacquered potteries excavated from the Han dynasty tombs in Xi’an
    LI Qiang, LI Weidong, LUO Hongjie, ZHAO Fengyan
    2016, 38(1):  15-22.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2016.01.003
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     The lacquered pottery wares unearthed from the Han dynasty tombs in Xi’an were analyzed using Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and Electro-Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA). The results show that some wares exist lacquered potteries painted with red HgS stain, which were rarely discovered from the Han dynasty tombs in Northern China. The microstructure analysis indicates that there are at least three types of pottery wares. Type 1: the pottery body was applied with a dark brown coating before pained in red color. The coating’s total content of MnO and FeO is higher than 20 wt.%. Type 2: the pottery body was thinly lacquered before being painted in colors. Type 3: the pottery body was applied with a base plaster layer, then thinly lacquered, and finally painted in colors. The additions of bone ash and quartz to lacquer layer are commonly found. High iron mineral and clay have been added to the plaster layer with FeO content higher than 22 wt.%. This study can not only increase the pottery species, but also provide scientific methods for the conservation of lacquered potteries.
    Preparation of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles and their applications in cultural heritage conservation
    HAN Xiangna, HUANG Xiao, ZHANG Bingjian， LUO Hongjie
    2016, 38(1):  23-32.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2016.01.004
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     Taking the advantage of nanotechnology, nanolime becomes one of the most popular protection materials in cultural heritage conservation, which solved the problems of low solubility and large particle size of traditional lime, and resulted in a good penetration property and a consolidation effect. The progress of synthesis of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles is introduced. Then the carbonation process of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles is discussed. Finally, the successful applications of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles in wall painting restroation, paper deacidification and consolidation of historical earth sites are also presented in this review.
    Simulation study on the migration rate of sodium sulfates and sodium chlorides in soil cultural relics body
    JIN Zhiliang①②, HAO Xuqiang②, CHEN Gangquan, XIA Yin, QIAN Ling, HU Hongyan,SU Bomin, ZHOU Tie, Lü Gongxuan
    2016, 38(1):  33-38.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2016.01.005
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    Taking the soil cultural relics body as the object, the migration rates and the migration coefficients of Na2SO4 and NaCl were obtained by means of the soil column experiment. The apparent permeability coefficients of NaCl were greater than those of the Na2SO4  in various migration patterns. The apparent migration coefficients from top to bottom with the action of gravity were greater than those of from bottom to top. Due to the facts that Na2SO4 was more easily adsorbed by soil colloid and its crystal structure was changeable, its solubility was dramatically increased with temperature. Thus the apparent permeability coefficient of Na2SO4  was reduced. At the same time, the serious powder and structural damage in soil column were caused by Na2SO4 . And then the deep effects on the soil cultural relics body were found when the Na2SO4  participated in.
    NaCl crystal and its roles on the blister damage at the wall-painting of Mogao Grottoes
    HU Hongyan, CHEN Gangquan, QIAN Ling, RONG Bo, JIN Zhiliang, ZHOU Tie,SU Bomin, Lü Gongxuan
    2016, 38(1):  39-44.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2016.01.006
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    Salt dissolution and crystallization are the important reasons of the blister diseases of mural paints at Mogao Grottoes. The main components, forms and its damage mechanism for murals blister diseases were studied. NaCl crystal was present in little grain salt, usually adhered or covered by some amorphous material. NaCl salt crystal aggregated in the form of a cubic or near cubic state in the blister samples. The damages of the murals blister diseases were caused by the dissolving and crystallizing of NaCl salt. Na2SO4 crystal and its crystallized water led to more serious damages. Na2SO4 crystal and hydrates shrinked pores, which reduced the limitation pressure of NaCl crystal among the pores.
    The magic of POSS-based fluoropolymers and their self-assembled surface for protective coatings
    HE Ling
    2016, 38(1):  45-51. 
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    Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) is a typical nano-structured organic/inorganic particle with inner Si—O—Si caged structure bearing one or more functional groups R attached to its top corners as the general formula (RSiO1.5)8. POSS can be incorporated into apolymer matrix by the chemical functionalization of one or more functional groups into the corner of the POSS chemical structure, and therefore self-assembled into wettibility surface. This paper mainly introduced the structure features of POSS, the synthesis, assembled micelles and surface wettibility of POSS-based fluoropolymers. The protective performance of two POSSbased fluoroplymers to the sandstone and cottonfiber is also evaluated.
    Natural Forum
    The most mysterious object in our universe — Quasar (Ⅲ): The family of AGNs and the observational characters
    HE Xiangtao
    2016, 38(1):  52-58.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2016.01.008
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    There is a big family of AGNs (active galactic nuclei), which includes Quasar, Seyfert, BL Lac and others. About half of the AGNs have some active phenomenon. Quasar is the main member of the AGN family. We observed the possible various detail of the quasar including the brightness, size and jets. We show the imaging picture of the quasar structure which may not be a real.
    Science Review
    For the well-being of all people
    GUAN Yi
    2016, 38(1):  59-67.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2016.01.009
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    Global actions on climate changes
    YANG Xianbi
    2016, 38(1):  68-72.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2016.01.010
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    Portraits
    The greatest biologist in 20th century—Francis Crick
    GU Fanji
    2016, 38(1):  73-78.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-9608.2016.01.011
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    A biography of UK scientist Francis Crick who is called as the greatest biologist in 20th century is presented in this article. His contributions to life sciences and his approaches to scholarship are also given.
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