细菌感染给公共卫生领域带来重大挑战，开发快速、精准的检测技术对疾病防控具有重要意义。传统的培养法、PCR (polymerase chain reaction)和ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)等方法存在耗时长、灵敏度有限且无法实时监测等缺点。荧光探针技术凭借其高特异性与高灵敏度，通过识别细菌靶标并产生荧光信号，实现对细菌的快速、可视化检测。本文系统综述了荧光探针的分子设计策略、发光机制及分类方法，重点分析了其在医疗诊断、食品安全和环境监测等领域的应用现状，并指出该技术在检测限、特异性及临床转化等方面仍面临的挑战。展望未来，多模态探针集成、人工智能辅助分析等创新方向将推动该技术向更智能、实用的方向发展。荧光探针技术为细菌相关问题的研究与防控提供了强有力的工具。

Bacterial infections pose a major challenge in the field of public health, making the development of rapid and accurate detection technologies crucial for disease prevention and control. Conventional methods such as culture, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) are limited by long processing times, limited sensitivity, and the inability to perform real-time monitoring. In contrast, fluorescent probe technology, with its high specificity and sensitivity, enables rapid and visual detection of bacteria by recognizing bacterial targets and generating fluorescence signals. This review systematically summarizes the molecular design strategies, luminescence mechanisms, and classifications of fluorescent probes, with a focus on their current applications in medical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental monitoring. It also highlights the challenges the technology faces, including detection limits, specificity, and clinical translation. Looking ahead, innovative approaches such as multimodal probe integration and artificial intelligence-assisted analysis are expected to drive the technology toward more intelligent and practical advancements. Fluorescent probe technology provides a powerful tool for research and control of bacterial-related issues.