电子显微镜强大的分辨能力能帮助人类展示微观世界的细节，在生命科学领域有着广泛的用途。但是，由于生物样品无法承受电子束的辐照损伤，电镜技术一直很难在生物样品上获得高分辨率信息。冷冻电镜技术的诞生以及近几年的分辨率革命开启了一个利用电镜技术解析生物分子结构的新纪元，该技术的几位先驱科学家也因此获得了2017年的诺贝尔化学奖。本文简要回顾了电镜三维重构技术和冷冻技术的历史和发展现状，并对未来作出展望。

Electron microscopes have a high resolving power to reveal the details of the micro world and are used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological specimens. However, they were long believed to not suitable for imaging biological specimens to achieve high resolution structures, because the powerful electron beam would destroy biological material and some other challenges, until the advent of cryo-electron microscopy. In this paper, we briefly reviewed the history and methodological development of electron microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy in biological specimens.