Abstract: Water and Soil loss as the root of many natural disasters has many disadvantages on environment. The total soil loss area of the world is more than 25 million square kilometer and in China is 3.56 million square kilometer. Since the year of 1945, 0.92 million square kilometer soil loss area has been treated and 0.113 million square kilometer basic farmland has been built. Soil loss as an all-around Systematic Design is the lifeline of mountainous area development, the root of Land Reclamation and River Regulation, the basic of the development of economy and society, the China’s Basic National Policy that we should long adhere to. From the development of one hundred years, the scientific system of soil and water conservation with Chinese character has been built. In 21 century the science and technology research of soil and water conservation has a chance for advancement and at the same time face some challenges. Under the system analysis of development actuality and questions of soil and water conservations in china, the development stratagem, task, target and key measures of 10-15 years about soil and water conservation in china have been brought forward.