Abstract: Utilizing the optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging technology, we nondestructively analyzed the section structure of some ceramic cultural relics (such as colored pottery, lacquer painted pottery, tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty, glazed pottery with twisted body, celadon and Jun porcelain) unearthed from Henan and Anhui provinces and dated from Neolithic Period to the Western Han Dynasty. We obtained the section structure imaging characteristics of the surface (the layers of pigment, lacquer and glaze), the middle layer, the glaze/body boundaries and the body of the different type ceramic objects. The production process characteristics of the different ceramic antiquities were discussed based on the characteristics. In addition, we also discussed the advantages and limitations of the OCT imaging technology in analyzing the section structure of diverse ceramic culture relics.