动物行为研究的新进展(十)：栖息地选择

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 概要介绍了栖息地对动物生存的重要性、动物对栖息地的选择行为、散布和迁移的原因，以及迁移行为的起源和进化史。动物最喜欢的栖息地应当是那些能使其生殖成功率达到最大的栖息地。Steve Fretwell利用博弈论提出了理想自由分布理论，该理论可使行为学家能够预测，当动物必须在两个质量不同的栖息地之间进行选择的时候应该怎么做。理想自由分布可以导致在质量不同的栖息地内定居的个体其适合度是大体相同的。很多动物年轻个体的散布可以减少近亲交配的机会，而近亲交配通常会对适合度产生负面影响。当两个近缘个体交配时，它们所产生的后代更有可能携带有害的等位隐形基因，这常常会导致近缘交配者后代的适合度明显下降。短距离迁移是先于长距离迁移的。也就是说，长距离迁移鸟类，很可能是起源于那些每年迁移距离比较短的鸟类。迁移物种起源于热带地区的非迁移祖先。

关键词: 栖息地选择, 理想自由分布, 散布, 迁移, 进化史

Abstract: I briefly introduce the importance of habitat to animals and animals’ habitat selection behavior, the reason of animal dispersal and migration, the origin and evolution history of animals’ migration. An animal’s preferred habitat to be the one where its breeding success is the greatest. Steve Fretwell used game theory to develop ideal free distribution theory. This theory enables behaviorist to predict what animals should do when they choose between alternative habitats of different quality. The ideal free distribution lead to the fitness of animals in choose superior habitat or in lower-ranked habitat is consistent. Dispersal by juvenile animals reduces the chance of inbreeding, which often affects fitness negatively. When two closely related individuals mate, the offspring they produce are more likely to carry damaging recessive alleles in a double dose than the offspring produced by unrelated individuals. Migration typically involves movement away from and subsequent return to the same location on an annual basis migration apparently also occurred in some extinct dinosaurs and is seen today in many
mammals, fishes, sea turtles, and even some insects. Short-range migration preceded long-distance migration. Thus, long-distance migrants are probably descended from species that moves far less on an annual basis. Migratory species evolved from tropical non-migratory ancestors.

尚玉昌. 动物行为研究的新进展(十)：栖息地选择[J]. 自然杂志, 2014, 36(3): 182-185.

SHANG Yu-chang. New advance on study of animal behavior(X): habitat selection[J]. Chinese Journal of Nature, 2014, 36(3): 182-185.

参考文献

[1] PIMM S L, ASKINS R A. Forest losses predict bird extinctions in eastern North America [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995, 92: 9343-9347.
[2] WEIDINGER K. The breeding performance of Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla in two types of forest habitat [J]. Ardea, 2000, 88: 225-233.
[3] FRETWELL S D, LUCAS H K. On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds [J]. Acta Biotheoretica, 1969, 19: 16-36.
[4] ORIANS G H. On the evolution of mating systems in birds and mammals [J]. The American Naturalist, 1969, 103: 589-603.
[5] QUAINTENNE G, VAN GILS J A, BOCHER P, et al. Scaling up ideals to freedom: are densities of red knots across western Europe consistent with ideal free distribution? [J]. Proc Biol Sci, 2011, 278: 2728-2736.
[6] BUSTON P M. Territory inheritance in clownfish [J]. Proc Biol Sci, 2004, 271: S252-S254.
[7] BULL C M, FREAKE M J. Home-range fidelity in the Australian sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) [J]. Australian Journal of Zoology, 1999, 47: 125-132.
[8] MARVIN G A. Age, growth, and long-term site fidelity in the terrestrial plethodontid salamander Plethodon kentucki [J]. Copeia, 2001, 2001: 108-117.
[9] YODER J M, MARSCHALL E A, SWANSON D A. The cost of dispersal: predation as a function of movement and site familiarity in ruffed grouse
[J]. Behavioral Ecology, 2004, 15: 469-476.
[10] PUSEY A, WOLF M. Inbreeding avoidance in animals [J]. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1996, 11: 201-206.
[11] MARGULIS SW, ALTMANN J. Behavioural risk factors in the reproduction of inbred and outbred oldfield mice [J]. Anim Behav, 1997, 54: 397-408.
[12] LUCIA K E, KEANE B. A field test of the effects of familiarity and relatedness on social associations and reproduction in prairie volos [J]. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2012, 66: 13-27.
[13] GREENWOOD P J. Mating systems, philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals [J]. Animal Behavior, 1980, 28: 1140-1162.
[14] COX G W. The evolution of avian migration systems between temperate and tropical regions of the New World [J]. The American Naturalist, 1985, 126: 452-474.
[15] FRICKE H C, HENCECROTH, HOERNER M E. Lowland–upland migration of sauropod dinosaurs during the Late Jurassic epoch
[J]. Nature, 2011, 480: 513-515.[16] CARPENTER S J, ERICKSON J M, HOLLAND F D, Jr. Migration of a Late Cretaceous fish [J]. Nature, 2003, 423: 70-74.
[17] COOMBS W P. Behavior patterns of dinosaurs [M]. California: University of California Press, 1990.
[18] ANDERSON R C. Do dragonflies migration across the western Indianocean? [J] Journal of Tropical Ecology, 2009, 25: 347-358.
[19] WELTY J. The life of birds [M]. 3th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing, 1982,
[20] SHAFFER S A, TREMBLAY Y, WEIMERSKIRCH H, et al. Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006, 103: 12799-12802.
[21] POWELL G V N, BJORK R D. Habitat linkages and the conservation of tropical biodiversity as indicated by seasional migrations of the three-wattled bellbirds [J]. Conservation Biology, 2004, 18: 500-509.
[22] LEVEY D J, STILES F G. Evolutionary precursors of longdistance migration: resource availability and movement patterns in eotropicallandbirds
[J]. The American Naturalist, 1992, 140: 447-476.
[23] OUTLAW D C, VOELKER G, MILA B, et al. Evolution of longdistance migration in and historical biogeography of Catharus thrushes: a molecular phylogenetic approach [J]. The Auk, 2003, 120: 299-310.
[24] WINGER B M, LOVETTE I J, WINKLER D W. Ancestry and evolution of seasonal migration in the Parulidae [J]. Proceedings of the
Royal Socity B, 2012, 279: 610-618.